Economics _ Whither the Dollar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics _ Whither the Dollar - Essay Example Both see the necessity for international cooperation in determining currency exchange rates under appropriate circumstances and both provide the ability to alter exchange rates under certain circumstances. However, they also recognize the destructive aftermath of freely flexible exchanges on international trade and economic relations generally, and their chief purpose is to create and maintain a system of stable exchange rates. And yet, the Keynes’ system had some radical ideas that went completely contrary to White's conservative plan. Unlike White's theory, where member-countries would deposit their currencies, and together with the government fund then provide the currencies needed by each country for settling its international account, the Keynes’ plan provides an international clearing, where no funds are deposited. Instead, international payment would be effected by debiting the paying country and crediting the receiving country on the books of the union. (The Key nes’ and White Plans) Keynes proposed the establishment of: an International Clearing Union, based on international bank money, called (let us say) bancor , ?xed (but not unalterably) in terms of gold and accepted as the equivalent of gold by the British Commonwealth and the United States and all members of the Union for the purpose of settling international balances. (Keynes, 1980, p.121) The basic idea is simple. Countries would have accounts that would play the same role as reserves, (mainly gold in the early 20th century) and dollars or other foreign exchange currencies. With the account at the International Clearing Union countries do not have to shore up these reserves. They are free to take a loan from the International Clearing Union in times of need and lend if they export more than they import. The de?ation bias caused by trapped reserves, which cannot turn into meaningful demand, would disappear. To prevent accumulation credits or debits Keynes also suggested some measures so in the long run the system self-balance itself. The outcome of the negotiations was the new Bratton Woods system. This system incorporated points, where both plans agreed. Yet, because of the USA's greater negotiating strength, the final decisions of the new system were closer to the conservative plans of Harry Dexter White. According to US economist Brad DeLong, on almost every point where Keynes’ ideas were canceled by the Americans, he was later proved correct by events of history. The Primary Real Causes of the Financial Crisis of 2008 According to the article â€Å"Whither the Dollar† by Katherine Sciacchitano, there are a few reasons and events, which triggered the beginning stages of the financial crisis of 2008. The first is the elimination of capital control. This deepened economic stability in many ways: - It made it easier for capital to search for the lowest possible wages; - It increased the political power of capital by enabling it to â€Å"v ote with its feet† - It fed asset bubbles, increased financial speculation and exchange rate bounce. This increased unregulated capital mobility and speculation weakened the real economy, further exhausted global demand and increased economic instability. As we can see from history, from the eighties on up in countries all around the world an economic crises have occurred about every five years. Another reason of the 2008

Ethical Decision Making in Arriving at a Caring Response Research Paper

Ethical Decision Making in Arriving at a Caring Response - Research Paper Example Veracity deals with trust issues of medical practitioners. The first thing a healthcare professional does upon arriving at a caring response in the Memorial Medical Center is to collect the relevant information that clarifies the ethical conflict involving the basic principles of ethical dilemma that a patient is facing. At a caring response, a nurse practitioner establishes the specific ethical conflict or question that a patient is experiencing. At Memorial Medical Center, all medical professionals involved in attending a patient at a caring response must succinctly and clearly articulate the ethical issue in question and answer all the questions that arise. Note that, before resulting to disclose any information regarding veracity issues, it is advisable for a medic to consult the family members of the patient. These decisions may be technical such as cost effectiveness analysis and principle related alternatives such as distributive justice. Following the fact that there may be s ome competing values and goals, ensuring procedural level of fairness becomes the best method of ensuring social acceptance of decisions and moral demonstration of public accountability. In these kinds of situations, a professional health practitioner should not disclose any information regarding the identified ethical problem as doing so is against medical ethics (Kapiriri, et al, 2009). At Memorial Medical Center, after gathering ethical related information, reporting to the relevant parties incorporates two stages. Nevertheless, note that the question at hand must have ethical ramifications just as required by the facility. First, a healthcare professional puts together prescriptive approach information that he or she then goes ahead to report to the relevant bodies. Prescriptive approach is a tool derived from theories of ethics in philosophy and presents health practitioners with an opportunity to use decision-making tools of ethics. In prescriptive approach, healthcare profess ional at MMC gets to exercise modes of thinking when it comes to ethical choices whereby it helps them make decisions that a â€Å"conscientious moral agent† who is a careful and upright thinker about ethical options to make. The second phase of information gathering and reporting involves descriptive approach. In this case, MMC healthcare practitioners incorporates measures included by psychological research in which it defines and describes the actual mode of making decisions ethically as opposed to how they should make a choice (Mitty and Ramsey, 2008). Step Two: Identify the Type of Ethical Problem Even after identifying the possible ethical problem, it is unethical to disclose the information to any other person apart from the required persons. In the example provided by the MMC, identifying the exact problem a patient is experiencing might result to making unethical decisions simply because,

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Report - Essay Example The relevant costs of computing for Machine A in this scenario are therefore, purchasing price, less the discount allowed, then adding the delivery charge, installation charge and testing charge. Minor spare parts and service contract quotations are irrelevant in computation of the cost of the machinery. ii. IAS 16 provides for methods of depreciation on fixed assets. Under the straight line method, Machine B has an annual depreciation of 60,000 per year since it had an expected or useful life of 10 years. Since its acquisition date on June 2009 through to its revaluation in 2012, it had a carrying amount of 420,000 which is gained after deducting the accumulated depreciation through the first 3 years of its expected life. On a straight line basis and a remaining expected life of 4 years, the depreciation for Machine B is expected to be at 105,000 per year. The scope provides for a revision of the asset’s depreciation method, if the expected economic benefit to be consumed off it by the entity changes appropriately. iii. IAS 40 sets out the guidelines under which assets should be treated and the criterion for the treatment of investment property and also disclosures requirement in their reporting. Investment property is that which is held not for resale but for an economic benefit of the organization. It is that where future economic benefit is expected from. Under IAS 40, the company or organization is allowed to either use the fair or the cost model policy of accounting for these items. In fair value representation, the property (investment) is revalued where it is recognized as â€Å"an asset that could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing parties in an arm’s length transaction† (Willey, 2011).   Since Building Y is an investment property, the revalued amount of 2million as at 31st December is the actual cost of the building at the end of this year. The increment in its value of 1 million should be treated as an income in the income statement for year 2011. Additionally, the buildings were revalued again and the investment property increased to 2.5 million. This should be treated by taking it as an income in the income statement at the value of 500,000, while reflecting the value of Building Y as 2.5 million at the end of year 2012. In the case of building Y, the scope provides the value of a fixed asset (such as Building X) to be treated on the fair value. In this case, the value should therefore be expressed on the current value less the depreciation. Revaluation amount should be computed and the current value is the amount shown on the balance sheet as the current value, while the gain in revaluation is shown on the credit of the balance sheet as a revaluation reserve. The revalued amount was done on the last day of the financial year and therefore be reflected on the following year 2012 as 2.5million. (b) Certain criteria should be followed when reporting these compilations of the costs of the asset s, their depreciation amounts and their revaluation treatments. The scope provides for a detailed schedule that should be followed in the presentation of these analyses and as well, their reporting should be detailed and reported accordingly. The relevance in comparing the costing of Machine A and Machine B, as well as the treatment of Building X an Building Y best explains the financial reporting of these different circumstances of each of the two different genres of fixed assets of an entity. i. Machine A is purchased at a discounted

Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gun Control - Essay Example There are strict measures to control the use of guns. This paper will analyze gun control among the Americans in relation to the rights of the individual to own a gun. 2. Gun Control Winkler (16) mentions that, the rights to own a gun became integral in the American population when the white settlers required protection to guard self from attacks from unknown armies, animals and Native Americans. The justification was that Americans has a responsibility to protect themselves. Moreover, guns were used for hunting which is a sport culture in the country. Firearms are categorized into handguns, long guns and automated guns. Handguns include pistols and weapons that can be used with one hand. Long guns are specially manufactured for hunters to engage in sport. Automated guns and semi automated guns are perceived to be a preserve of the military. Automatic and semi automatic guns as well as rifles are registered by those possessing them. Dealers of the automatic guns must be licensed. The purchase of machine guns is a preserve of the military and is costly since they are scarce. The long guns are not considered as weapons for crime but for sport. However, reports show that the long guns have been used for suicide in some instances. Handguns are commonly used to commit crime. Proponents of use of guns argue that groups conducting gun control describe the different types of firearms with a motive to discriminate certain guns as unsafe for the public. Gun control activists are tent to discourage and disapprove the use of automatic guns for personal defense. Citizens in some states are allowed to own semi automatic guns. Some citizens have gone to the extent of improving the semi automatic machines so that they may resemble the automatic gun. The manufacturers of firearms claim that over a third of the guns are hand guns. The number of casualties resulting from use of fire arm for crime is very high in the United States. Many citizens believe that the guns act as securi ty for them if they show it for defense when there is a possible attack. Many citizens claim that they have used handguns for self defense for self defense especially at their residence and at work. The guns can be used to scare away trespassers in the home place. Thieves breaking into homes can be chased away with hand guns (McClurg et al, 101). Guns are also used to capture criminals by wounding them if they are armed. Criminals who are aware that that those they attack is armed fail to proceed if they learn that they are armed as Kleck (34) mentions. Studies conducted reveal that population with access to firearms is likely to commit homicide that populations without crime. The high number of murders recorded in the United Sates is blamed on the large number of civilians owning guns. Consequently, Americans who witness an attempted or completed armed attack is very large. Prisoners serving a jail term confess having an armed firearm when they were conducting the crime (Lott 78). Kleck (39) mentions that several states in America recommend that guns be kept without loading. When selling guns, dealers ensure that the citizen has the correct reasons for obtaining a gun. The guns should not be given to people who pose a threat to the public population. The certificate and license for ownership of arms dictates the number of ammunitions and firearms that citizens are

Health policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health policy - Essay Example Women in the middle class who had considerably better security and others, who had proper insurance, now have better security cover under the new Act (Selker and Wasser 123). The Affordable Care Act has increased the number of women who own health insurance covers in the country. Similarly, the nation as a whole is now spending the hard earned income wisely and assured of high standards of health care. The act invests in wellness and protection and offers families and individuals more control over their health care. The ACA offers women a number of benefits that are crucial to their access to health care. One of the benefits is the provision of coverage of prevention services. Under the Act, this rule is guaranteed with no cost sharing. Preventive care is important because it saves money and promotes health. Before the Act, these services were difficult to access because of the high deductibles, co-pays, and co-insurances. It was estimated that 50% of women delayed seeking medical care and had to give up necessities in order to access health care. Health insurance companies are required to offer covers for prevention services under the new law. An estimated forty-five percent of women have taken advantage of these provisions (Selker and Wasser 153). Under the act, insurance plans are required to include maternity care. It is common for individual health insurance to overlook maternity care cover. Research shows that only twelve percent of the coverages offered cover maternity care. Additionally, maternity care covers provided are inadequate because of the deductibles and the waiting period associated with them. Under the new law, approximately eight and a half million women will be guaranteed of the cover. Another tenet of the women benefits under the Affordable Care Act is the more control over individual health care. The ACA assures women that they will no longer require referrals

Rodchenko and Popova and Architecture of the Constructivist Period Essay

Rodchenko and Popova and Architecture of the Constructivist Period - Essay Example Aleksander Michailovich Rodchenko was seen as originator whose work was mocked as construction art by another artist Kazimir Malevich in 1917. The word evolved to become an honourable term by 1920 in the Realistic Manifesto of Naum Gabo while Alexei Gan used it as title of his book Constructivism printed in 1922 (Cooke, 1995, 106). As an art, it combines the particular properties of an object as well as its spatial presence, thus, presentation in three-dimension although it would soon encompass two-dimensional works of books, posters, montage and factography (Cooke, 1995). In this essay, it will be demonstrated how the works of arts and expressions of Russian avant- garde artists Lyubov Popova and Aleksandr Rodchenko have significantly influenced constructivism and how their principles were applied in constructive architecture. Constructivism is described as the objective analysis of a systematic practice which consists of set of principles (scientific) to be applied in the productio n of useful goods (Fer, 1989, 16). In this context, the pioneer constructivist artists have incorporated and explored the different elements of arts i.e. line, color, plane, volume, space, material etc. beyond their traditional uses so that they (artists) could freely express their feelings and to produce utilitarian/practical works. Constructivism has opposed the traditional art which is figurative and decorative. The constructivists have exhibited a new territory of imagination to convey futuristic design (Brandy, 2009). In addition, constructivism also literally utilized industrial materials such as wood or marble dust [Figure 5] to exhibit artifice and illusion (Fer 1989, & Aspden, 2009). Discussion Constructivism was seen to be a reaction of Russian artists on the pomposity of the previous eras about high art. In addition, there was already an on-going Russian Futurism exexmplified by industrial, angular styles, soon, works of the likes of Malevich’s Suprematism showed g eometric abstraction (Cooke, 1995). It has not been easily accepted during the earlier period. In 1920 during the formative years of constructivism, Rodchenko was commissioned by the Bolshevik government as director of the Museum Bureau and Purchasing Fund. He was not only a teacher but responsible in the reorganisation of art schools as well as museums. Much propaganda at that time both governmental and otherwise used Rodchenko’s art, design and concepts that saw the debut of â€Å"the end of painting† (Akbar, 2009, P 1). Together with his comrade Liubov Popova, they bid their farewell to the bourgeois practice of painting which they described as frivolous and pretentious (Cooke, 1995). Aside from industry shaping the Russian Futurism, the constructivist also were engaged in festivals, street designs, and post-revolution of the Bolshevik government where the UNOVIS group of Malevich propaganda plaques and buildings such as the 1919 work of El Lissitzky’s Beat t he Whites with the Red Wedge. In their works as exemplified by Rodchenko, POpova and their fellow artists, a new explosion of creativity and innovative styles was integrated in the paintings which he both applied rushing diagonal lines and bold colours [Figure 1& 2]. Rodchenko

The Manager of Human Resources of ABC Company Essay

The Manager of Human Resources of ABC Company - Essay Example Aside from the job posting in the office, I will also advertise in leading newspapers or via the internet recruitment sites. The next step is managing the response. We at HR will collect all the resumes submitted. After compilation of all the resumes of the job applicants, we shall shortlist the applicants to around 120. This is done by comparing each resume with the requirements of the employee specification. Our goal here is to determine the most qualified candidates to schedule in-person interviews. The next step in the recruitment process is the job interviews. The job interview will be clearly designed and agreed upon between our department and the line management. The aim of the interview is to discover the candidate who meets the requirements and fits best the corporate culture and the department. The panel will use the same set of questions with each interviewee. During this stage, the interview panelists will evaluate the relevant skills and experiences of the applicants. We shall also explore their interests in pursuing a career with our company. The interview process is essential in learning about the past accomplishments and achievements of the applicants. A part of the interview will also give the applicant a brief introduction about our company. This is necessary so that the applicant will also know whether he will fit in the organization. The interview will also include a selection test. ... will then be subjected to reference checks and a comprehensive background investigation, before an offer of employment is extended by our department. A verbal offer is then made to the candidate and if he agrees to it, a written offer is made. The written offer will specify the position and the compensation. The successful candidates will be required to submit the necessary documents and the other appointment formalities will be discussed. I foresee that the recruitment and hiring process will take around one month and two weeks. The next challenge to me is the training of the newly accepted employees. I realize that new employees usually feel anxiety and excitement during the first few days of their employment. I believe that training for these new recruits should, therefore, harness their enthusiasm, reduce their fears and direct their energy. An induction training will be conducted for the new recruits. The induction training will include general training, mandatory training, job training and the training evaluation. In the general training, the new recruits will be introduced to the organization, which includes our vision, mission, values, philosophies and the history and structure of the company. This is where I will emphasize how much our company values customer satisfaction and quality service. This training will be handled directly by the HR department and will take one day to accomplish. The next step in the induction training is the mandatory training which will also be handled by the HR department. This encompasses the corporate policies and business processes. It will also include the health and safety requirements as well as some of the legalities of the organization.